Traditional cultural values and government policy influence how Chinese backpackers use technology while travelling abroad, according to new research by the University of East Anglia (UAE) in the UK.
The study, published in the Pacific Asia Journal of the Association for Information Systems, looked at how independent Chinese tourists use the Internet during their trips abroad and found strong social influences on their digital behaviour. These result from their embedded culture, social circles, and the trust placed in word-of-mouth review platforms.
Researchers found that backpackers enjoyed receiving comments and compliments on their social media posts, and the process of editing and posting photographs. Interacting with comments is an essential element of their trip.
Chinese backpackers also highly value digital word-of-mouth recommendations when travelling, making good use of their familiar review platforms, as well as those banned in China. This requires them to learn to use new technologies more commonly used outside their home country.
The findings further reveal that Chinese travellers rely largely on digital technologies such as Ali Pay and WeChat Pay for mobile payments.
The independent travel phenomenon is becoming increasingly important in China, both domestically and internationally. Chinese travellers are known as tech-savvy, and the study’s lead author, Dr. Brad McKenna, a lecturer in information systems at UAE’s Norwich Business School, said ‘collective’ and ‘Confucius’ values of Chinese culture played a major role in their IT use.
“From a collectivistic culture, the relationship between generations is very close. In addition, for the past 30 years the Chinese one-child policy has had enormous social impacts, such that the new generation has become the core of the family,” said McKenna. “This has led to a strong use of social media when travelling, so that families can keep in contact. It has been suggested that the use of social media when travelling has developed into the issue of surveillance through IT. Chinese independent travellers are expected to have a constant virtual presence to appease their families’ worries and feel obligated to maintain connectedness with them.”
The Chinese concept of guanxi, which requires them to be continuously connected, also influences the way independent travellers use technology. The ‘social glue’ function of the technology allows them to maintain the high level of connectedness when travelling.
Technical infrastructure plays a strong role in their IT use and Dr McKenna said the findings had implications for the tourism industry: “Tourism providers should realise that Chinese independent travellers derive social inferences predominantly when using digital technology on holiday. How to ensure they can constantly maintain this virtual connection, and how to transfer tourism products into memorable and ‘sharable’ experiences is crucial.
“Currently, there is a gap between China mobile technology use and the rest of the world. There is a network of Chinese technology, such as WeChat, Weibo, Alipay, and DazhongDianping, and most of the popular Western apps have their Chinese equivalent.”
The authors say that when Chinese travellers go abroad they face many unfamiliar apps, and some of those they normally use in China do not work as efficiently. For example, Baidu Maps and Baidu.com can be slow. Also, electronic word of mouth (eWoM) review platforms do not have as much information as they would in China.
“Tourism providers should bridge this gap to provide a smooth experience,” added Dr McKenna. “Maybe eWoM platforms can work in partnership. For instance, a Chinese online review platform could work with TripAdvisor so that Chinese tourists are able to access more reviews.”
The study followed 14 Chinese backpackers in three groups as they travelled in Europe – to Spain and Portugal, the UK and Poland. A Chinese-speaking researcher accompanied the groups, conducting interviews and collecting participant observations.
The researchers then identified and analysed seven of the main technology-related tasks the backpackers used while planning their travel or during the trip. These included: using an online travel forum to look for a travel companion or information; using word-of-mouth apps on their mobile device to look up restaurants, bars and attractions nearby; sharing travel experiences on social media; and maintaining connections with friends and families.
