In the last few weeks, social media was once again at the centre of a flurry of activity regarding the hunting of a lion in the Greater Kruger area. I have been disappointed by these emotive and often violent exchanges. At times, I feel despondent that the unifying impact that some of us in the conservation space have been trying to cultivate this year could be damaged by divisive arguments and views on the Greater Kruger. This is a social-ecological system that has been carefully managed and nurtured over decades, and one that happens to be working extremely well today. I therefore offer an alternative, constructive perspective to the Greater Kruger Protected Area, in contrast to the more acrimonious narratives that are doing the rounds.
But why should anyone listen to me on this subject?
To start with, I am a citizen of the Greater Kruger. I have lived in the Timbavati Private Nature Reserve for over 10 years, where I own and run a photographic safari operation, Tanda Tula, which employs over 60 people from local communities. With each of my team supporting a further 10 people on average, my business has a direct impact on over 600 people in this area. I have been on the Executive Committee of the Timbavati Private Nature Reserve since 2011, and I am now also a member of the Steering Committee for Responsible Tourism Best Practice in the Greater Kruger Protected Area. In short, I have some “skin in the game” in the Greater Kruger, as my family and my business are deeply rooted in, and deeply affected by, what happens in this area. I am not just a sideline commentator. I have an in-depth knowledge of how the Private Reserves, which form part of the Greater Kruger, function and how they contribute to the success of the larger integrated wilderness landscape. I am also deeply aware of the challenge facing this landscape.
So, who are the stakeholders with “skin in the game” and who should be influencing the decisions made about how the Greater Kruger is managed? Whose values matter most? From all of the media fuss, it appears that the most vocal and influential parties come from the main urban centres of South Africa and from Europe and North America. And some of the conservation activist platforms who directly support the journalism are based in Cape Town and Johannesburg. These urbanites work tirelessly to influence other urbanites, promoting an ideology of Africa’s wilderness spaces created by American romantic poets in the early 20th century. According to this view, Africa was a vast mythical landscape teeming exclusively with wild animals, devoid of any human activity.
In the 54 stakeholder engagement sessions that were undertaken by SANParks in the last 18 months, as part of the development of the new management plan for Kruger National Park, various public engagement sessions were held all over South Africa. The most well attended of these were in the communities who live on the border of the Kruger National Park, with literally thousands of members of the public engaging with Kruger management officials to express their concerns and aspirations for the region, and how the Kruger National Park should respond to affect these concerns and aspirations. In addition to these public sessions, there were also specific inter-reserve stakeholder meetings, which included members from Private and Community Reserves forming part of the Greater Kruger – these sessions were also very well attended with every reserve represented. By contrast, the public engagement sessions in the large urban centres, where all of the current media and social media conversation on the Greater Kruger National Park emanates from, were poorly attended with Cape Town and Johannesburg each only managing an attendance of nine individuals! This paints an interesting picture. The people whose lives are most directly affected and who have genuine “skin in the game” relative to decisions made by Kruger National Park, are all living close to the park itself, and very few of them take to social media or other media channels to express violent, divisive opinions on the Kruger National Park or Greater Kruger. However, those with the loudest voices and strongest opinions, in the media and on social media, on how to manage the Greater Kruger, come from the urban centres. These are the same people who showed little or no interest in genuine engagement with Kruger officials at the multiple forums that Kruger held specifically to invite public participation.
So, what were the major concerns of the communities within and living on the borders of the Greater Kruger? In the top five issues raised were: jobs and employment; education; community development; crime; and human–wildlife conflict. Other issues that repetitively and predictably continue to get so much social media attention – such as trophy hunting – did not even feature in the top 20 list of concerns of these communities.
The question I ask then is: Why are we, the citizens of the Greater Kruger allowing the narrative of our story to be seized by people who live and work thousands of miles away? Why are the people whose lives are most affected by the decisions made in and around the Greater Kruger remaining silent in the media? Why is the multi-faceted story of the Greater Kruger and its success not being told from within, but instead being commented and narrated on from far away?
The picture painted by journalists who report on stories about particular animals or species comes across to the unsuspecting reader as the gospel truth - but this is incorrect. These “truths” are simply the worldview of that journalist, and his/her supporters. It is important that we as media consumers understand that what is sometimes positioned as fact, is only opinion. Sometimes it is simply innuendo designed to stir public opinion in support of a particular conservation ideology.
Make no mistake, I applaud the efforts of journalists and investigators who uncover real misconduct, and I believe that oversight and regulation is extremely important for a system like the Greater Kruger to function effectively. However, constantly creating stories designed to ferment division and dissent within the conservation community is simply a destructive pastime that should not be tolerated by any of us – especially those of us who are part of the Greater Kruger and whose own knowledge of the realities on the ground can help to rectify misperceptions created in the media.
To me the debate around hunting is as futile as it is divisive. Arguing with protagonists on both sides of the debate is like having a discussion with a religious zealot. There is no point in presenting facts to either of them, as they simply cast them aside as “propaganda”. All of them continuously return to the same old points which they seem to think proves their argument. Since these arguments are more about values than facts, to me they prove nothing, but only serve to cement opinions that can never be swayed.
Whilst heated discussions play out in the media and on social media, I would like to offer a higher level view and I would urge everyone reading this article to think on this level. In the mid 1980s, Clem Sunter offered a “High Road / Low Road” scenario to a South Africa standing at a crossroads. As a conservation community, we are standing at a similar crossroads. I would argue that in our case, the High Road represents the willingness to understand that different stakeholders have different values, and that in order to integrate all our efforts in favour of conservation, we need to have tolerance for each other and our values. This High Road leads us to larger, integrated, wildlife habitats with their ability to support wildlife in greater numbers than ever before. By contrast, the Low Road is represented by the conservation landscape being driven by low level divisive arguments and mud-slinging from within – social divisions are deepened and the whole system begins to fragment and collapse. What is the result? Less land available for wildlife to range in, and an eventual loss of many if not all wild animals.
The Greater Kruger is a fragile system, with many social, political and economic pressures and influences that could lead to its fragmentation. The success of the Greater Kruger depends heavily on the goodwill of all of its stakeholders, particularly the goodwill of those who live on, own and manage private land within the Greater Kruger – these include private individuals and also local communities. The Greater Kruger is a shining example of how “High Road” thinking can lead to a thriving wilderness landscape. But, don’t be fooled, the careful work of many decades can be undone through a “Low Road” approach. South Africa, in particular, has a careful path to follow when it comes to land use issues. There are increasing pressures on justifying setting aside large tracts of land for conservation, and there are many who would use these pressures to further their political interests, with no concern for the possible dismantling and eventual disappearance of the wildlife landscape that is the Greater Kruger. The conservation community has a new path ahead of it, with great efforts needed to integrate communities into the wildlife economy, and with challenges around justifying the presence of wild animals close to those communities. ‘Low Road’ arguments and discussions are endangering the efforts of the conservation community to focus on the fundamental issue – the availability of wilderness habitats.
In a previous article, I was banging on about the real imperative that we should all be focused on: to unify the conservation community behind a common goal of not losing wildlife habitats to alternative land uses, and not allowing the fragmentation of interconnected wildlife habitats, as this too reduces the populations of animals that these habitats can support. The best illustrations of the relationship between wild animal populations and habitat sizes can be found in the many scientific papers that look at the dramatic decline in various species’ numbers over the last hundred years or so. In all of these there is a common thread of animal populations reducing almost in direct proportion to the habitat loss and fragmentation over the same period – the correlation is so startling that I intend to make it the subject of a follow up article.
Now, I am not saying that there are no other pressures on wild animal populations – we all know that there are – human-wildlife conflict, the bush-meat trade, and of course poaching across Africa are all of great concern, and are all factors that the conservation community is working hard on addressing. I am simply reiterating the fundamental truth: That without Africa’s wild habitats, there will be no more wild animals. Practising tolerance to save wilderness habitats is the ‘High Road’.
To bring the topic back to Africa’s great conservation success story – the Greater Kruger, I propose that we take the ‘High Road’ in order to continue to grow and consolidate this landscape. The Kruger National Park has been working hard at retaining its relevance within the new context of South African society. They have engaged meaningfully with the South African public and the stakeholders of the Greater Kruger - this has included members of local communities as well as landowning stakeholders in the Private and Community Reserves that form part of Greater Kruger. They have realized that for the Kruger National Park and the Greater Kruger to be sustainable, and even to grow, the variety of value systems held by different people, and particularly the value systems of the people living directly adjacent to the Greater Kruger, must be embraced. There needs to be a willingness to accept these different value systems for the benefit of the greater good. The citizens of the Greater Kruger are practising the values of ‘High Road’ thinking. I urge everyone who is interested in saving Africa’s wildlife to do the same.
